"We contemplate the emancipation of the world": Pratt's 4th of July Oration

For a condensed version, click here.

Parley P. Pratt
July 4, 1853

On November 8, 1851 Parley P. Pratt, his pregnant wife Phoebe, and Rufus C. Allen set foot in Valparaiso, Chile; the first LDS missionaries to serve in South America.[1] Four months later a downtrodden trio would return to the United States of America with a new-found appreciation for the freedom of their homeland. Pratt's gospel knowledge, writing ability, charisma and missionary zeal were not enough to establish the gospel in Chile, which now contains one of the fastest-growing populations of Latter-day Saints in the world.[2] After a hellish voyage on a small cargo ship, they arrived in Chile where three weeks later Phoebe gave birth to a son, Omner, who died of consumption. Inflation due to the current gold rush in California made things very difficult as they attempted to preach without purse or scrip. Difficulty with the language also hampered the work, but perhaps the biggest impediment to missionary work was the combination of Church and state in nineteenth-century Chile. The constitution of the factionally-unstable area had declared the Catholic Church to be the state church. All other religious proselyting, publishing, or meeting was prohibited.[3] The "hungry, weary, lonesome, and disconsolate" missionaries arrived back in Salt Lake City on October 18, 1852.[4]

During 4th of July celebration of 1853 Elder Pratt's seemingly-failed mission was on his mind as he gave a stirring sermon on freedom, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution, "contemplating, not only the direct bearing of those actions of our fathers in setting a nation free, but the indirect bearing and influences of such movements upon the whole world of mankind—upon the destiny of the race of which we form a part." Parley's comments give us a glimpse of his own personal views on government, America, freedom, and the gospel. He suggested that freedom in America could leaven even the "despotic nations" of the entire world:

The longer I live, and the more acquainted I am with men and things, the more I realize that these movements, and particularly that instrument called the Constitution of American Liberty, was certainly dictated by the spirit of wisdom, by a spirit of unparalleled liberality, and by a spirit of political utility. And if that Constitution be carried out by a just and wise administration, it is calculated to benefit not only all the people that are born under its particular jurisdiction, but all the people of the earth, of whatever nation, kindred, tongue, religion, or tradition, that may seek to take a shelter under its banner. It seems broad enough, and large enough, to receive and protect all that may be in any way deprived of the common rights of man. It was doubtless dictated by the spirit of eternal wisdom, and has thus far proved itself adequate to the wants of the nation, and to the wants of all mankind that have seen fit to attach themselves to it, to come under its protection, and share in its blessings. 

As Ralph C. Hancock explained in the Encyclopedia of Mormonism:

While LDS scripture reinforces the traditional Christian duty of "respect and deference" to civil laws and governments in general as "instituted of God for the benefit of man" (D&C 134:1, 6), Latter-day Saints attach special significance to the Constitution of the United States of America. They believe that the Lord "established the Constitution of this land, by the hands of wise men whom [he] raised up unto this very purpose" (D&C 101:80).[5]

Importantly, this view of divine inspiration underlying the Constitution is (or perhaps should be) tempered in LDS thought as being mediated through fallible humans, thus existing as something of a neccessary lesser law until the Millennial reign of Christ when He will rule as King. Likely recalling his experiences in Chile, Parley said it must be certain in the minds of any who express belief in the Bible, all of Christendom, that "there is a day coming when all mankind upon this earth will be free. When they will no longer be shackled, either by ignorance, by religious or political bondage, by tyranny, by oppression, by priestcraft, kingcraft, or any other kind of craft, but when all will positively have the knowledge of the truth, and freely enjoy it with their neighbors." Despite all of the trouble, ignorance, bloodshed (which Parley met with firsthand in Chile, and  later when he was murdered), he believed eventually "the darkness which has covered the earth will be chased away, light will prevail, liberty triumph, mankind be free, the nations be brethren, and none have need to say to his neighbor, 'Know ye the Lord,' or the truth, which is just the same thing; for all will know Him, from the least to the greatest."

Such great things would grow out of the small seed of freedom planted in the Constitution; which, in the meantime, would be in the hands of imperfect humans as Hancock explains:

This understanding...invites the inference that new needs and circumstances might require the continued exercise of inspired human wisdom by statesmen and citizens alike. LDS leaders have taught that the Constitution is not to be considered perfect and complete in every detail...but as subject to development and adaptation...President Brigham Young explained that the Constitution "is a progressive—a gradual work"; the founders "laid the foundation, and it was for after generations to rear the superstructure upon it" (JD 7:13-15).[6]

Pratt seems to get at the root of a crucial issue in his next comments: the difference between the document on one hand, and the Government (and thus, the interpretation of the document) on the other. The Latter-day Saints had experienced difficulty with the U.S. government, feeling their religious and civil rights were abused before they were forced from Nauvoo:

The great question, as has been before observed today more than once [...regards] the administration of those principles. For instance, paper itself cannot enforce its own precepts; and unhallowed principles in the people, or in the rulers which they choose, may pervert any form of government, however sacred, true, and liberal.

They may overthrow and destroy the practical working of those very principles, which are so true, and so dear to us, and in which we so rejoice. It is the living administration, after all, that is the government, although a good form opens the way for good results, if carried out; but if not carried out, the form becomes a dead letter. Much depends on the feeling and action of the people in their choice of men and measures, and much depends on the administration of those they may choose.

The principles in the Constitution, then, "embrace eternal truths, principles of eternal liberty" for all people, even "the great, fundamental eternal principles of liberty to rational beings," which Parley listed as "liberty of conscience, liberty to do business, liberty to increase in intelligence and in improvement, in the comforts, conveniences, and elegances of this life, and in the intellectual principles that tend to progress in all lives."

Parley opined on the unlikely story that is America; the few versus the many, the external pressure and internal faction, the hardships in providing for their well-being without the "modern" conveniences of railroad, steamboat and telegraph. Seeing how far America had come, Parley exclaimed "Our hearts beat high for liberty"; millions throughout the nation "dwelling securely under the same banner are...now...assembled to celebrate the day on which freedom dawned," the 4th of July. 

Parley recalled his personal experiences with people of many nations: the Chinese people "from the most despotic government on the earth" he met in California, the "downtrodden people" of the "ancient mother country" during his mission to England, and especially those he met during his mission to Chile where he had "seen our brethren of mankind at war with each other." He recoiled at the establishment of a state religion there, thus allowing Chileans to be "trammeled by priestcraft, by a yoke of bondage, first enforced upon them by the sword in the days of Cortez and Pizarro, and afterwards riveted by the traditions of three centuries. They know not how to appreciate liberty, they know not how to throw off the yoke that goads their neck." Still, Parley emphasized, "mankind are progressive beings," and though they were Catholics by force of state and tradition, "who will blame them?" The shackles could be tossed off, and people around the world would love to hear about and live under the cause of freedom. He believed America could provide an example for the world as a city set on a hill that cannot be hid; encouraging not violent revolutions, which Parley said have been tried in vain, but peaceful emancipation under the influence of God:

When we contemplate the designs of the country, and its influence, we contemplate not merely our own liberty, happiness, and progress, nationally and individually, but we contemplate the emancipation of the world, the flowing of the nations to this fountain, and to the occupation of these elements, blending together in one common brotherhood. They will thus seek deliverance from oppression, not in the style of revolution, but by voluntarily emerging into freedom, and the free occupation of the free elements of life. 

In considering the Eastern countries, especially China, Parley didn't believe that a wholesale change in government would be forthcoming, but that the changes would come

one by one, family by family, can flow out from those countries, to where they have a right to the elements to sustain them. What is to be the result in the end? They will step on the other side of the big ship called the world, or in other words the Eastern Hemisphere, and take their stand together...and begin to think.

It will be a long time, of course, before all things will settle into a state of harmony; it will be a long time before many will begin to think at all...they will begin to discriminate, and use faculties with which they are naturally endowed.

He wasn't advocating a migration en masse lest the world, like a ship with the cargo placed on one side, would be liable to tip over, but believed the influence of those who migrated to America would then
"overturn those institutions which they could not conquer in their own country." Thus, the small beginning from (according to Pratt) America's "first pioneer" Columbus, to the Founding Fathers, to the Latter-day Church sending missionaries through the nations as prophesied in Isaiah 18, the cause of freedom would leaven the world. Parley clarified he did not expect to spread to other countries and "compel them to be American citizens," but that truth and freedom would be an "indirect influence" so overwhelming, self-evident and good, that the other nations would bow to the ensign.

Triumphantly, Parley declared the change would be

of such magnitude and greatness, that language is inadequate to express the probable result; we can only borrow the language of the Prophets, which is also insufficient to convey the idea properly, that is: The earth shall be full of knowledge, light, liberty, brotherly kindness and friendship...darkness will flee away, oppression will be known no more, and men will employ blacksmiths to beat up their old weapons of war into plowshares and pruning hooks. Their occupation will be to develop the inexhaustible resources of nature, improve the intellect, and lay hold of the Spirit of the Lord, and live by it. The world will be renovated both politically and religiously. 

Considering his comments to be only "partial ideas," Parley felt these principles included "all the practical truths in the universe that are within the grasp of mortal man" and that learning of them "may reach into immortality." He concluded:

We will acknowledge the hand of God in the movements of men, and in the development of minds, the result of which will be the fulfillment of what the Prophet has spoken—the renovation of our race, and the establishment of a universal Kingdom of God, in which His will will be done on earth as it is done in heaven (JD 1:137-143).[7]

Footnotes:

[1]

Painting: Christ in America by Minerva Teichert (1888-1976).

Joseph Ball appears to have been the first missionary called to serve in South America in 1841. No record of Ball's having served this mission exists, however. See Joseph Smith, Jr., History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ed. B.H. Roberts, 2nd ed., rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1971), 4:413. Information on Pratt's mission to Chile is from A. Delbert Palmer, Mark L. Grover, "Hoping to Establish a Presence: Parley P. Pratt's 1851 Mission to Chile," BYU Studies 38:4 (1999), 115-138.

[2]

1999-2000 Church Almanac (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1999), 299.

[3]

Normally missionaries in other countries such as the United States or Great Britain could temporally find employ if donations weren't forthcoming. The inflated over-burdened economy of Chile, due to the gold rush in America, made this practically impossible; at one point Pratt reports they resorted to "picking up gold and silver coin in the street, but even that is becoming scarce, and is now poor picking" (see Palmer, Grover, 122). For more on preaching without purse or scrip, see "Without Purse or Pig" and "Brigham's Bottomless Trunk." Chile being under rule of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church was financially supported by the state and guaranteed dominance by the prohibition of all other religions. Even after the political break with Spain in 1818 the Church maintained control; the first three constitutions in the factionally-unstable Chile declared the Catholic Church to be the state church. For more on the nuanced political background and climate, see Palmer, Grover, 126-127.

[4]

Palmer, Grover, 129.

[5]

Ralph C. Hancock, "Constitution of the United States of America," Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Vol. 1.

[6]

ibid. Take, for instance, Hugh Nibley's comments:

Politics, as practiced on earth, belongs to the ways of men...The moral is clear: the children of God can work well with the men of the world, and bestow great blessings by their services--but there comes a time when one must draw the line and make a choice between the two governments. Such a choice was forced on the Mormons very early, and a very hard choice it was, but they did not flinch before it. "We will go along with you as far as we can; but where we can't we won't;" and no hard feelings (Nibley, "Beyond Politics." BYU Studies 15:1, [1974], pp. 4-5). 

[7]

An excellent study on the Millennial expectations of the Latter-day Saints is Grant Underwood's The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism. Parley believed that the timing of the second coming of Christ was not particularly fixed beyond mankind's ability to affect it. See "Can We Hasten or Delay the Second Coming?" for a brief look at various LDS perspectives on the issue. For a good launchpad on LDS views of the Constitution and political science see the sources compiled at Education for Eternity.For more on "Americanism" and the LDS Church, see "How 'American' Is the Church?"

Without Purse or Pig? Brigham's Missionary Wage

Brigham Young
August 31, 1856

Much early LDS missionary folklore[1] revolves around the concept of preaching the gospel "without purse or scrip." While most missionaries today pay their own way in a flat sum of money to a common account, thus equalizing the cost no matter where in the world they serve, the first missionaries of this dispensation depended completely on God and the kindness of strangers. They took great pride in not preaching for hire, and their faith was strengthened as they depended on the Lord as instructed by the revelations given to their prophet, Joseph Smith, and the commands to disciples found in the New Testament.[2]

In this discourse, after hearing the testimonies of some returned missionaries, Brigham opined on his early missions including some financial aspects. Brigham relates his thoughts as a stream of consciousness, hence the run-on sentence. This is a good example of the extemporaneous nature of many of Brigham's discourses:

I came into this Church in the spring of 1832. Previous to my being baptized, I took a mission to Canada at my own expense; and from the time that I was baptized until the day of our sorrow and affliction, at the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum, no summer passed over my head but what I was traveling and preaching, and the only thing I ever received from the Church, during over twelve years, and the only means that were ever given me by the Prophet, that I now recollect, was in 1842, when brother Joseph sent me the half of a small pig that the brethren had brought to him, I did not ask him for it; it weighed 93 pounds.

And that fall, previous to my receiving that half of a pig, brother H. C. Kimball and myself were engaged all the time in pricing property that came in on tithing, and we were also engaged in gathering tithing, and I had an old saddle valued at two dollars presented to me, and brother Heber was credited two dollars in the Church books for one day's services, by brother Willard Richards who was then keeping those books.

Brother Heber said, “Blot that out, for I don't want it.” I think it was crossed out, and so was the saddle, for I did not want it, even had it been given to me. These were the only articles I ever received in the days of Joseph, so far as I recollect. I have traveled and preached, and at the same time sustained my family by my labor and economy. If I borrowed one hundred dollars, or fifty, or if I had five dollars, it almost universally went into the hands of brother Joseph, to pay lawyers' fees and to liberate him from the power of his enemies, so far as it would go. Hundreds and hundreds of dollars that I have managed to get, to borrow and trade for, I have handed over to Joseph when I came home. That is the way I got help, and it was good for me; it learned me a great deal, though I had learned, before I heard of “Mormonism,” to take care of number one.

In relying on the kindness of strangers, Brigham said he was confident in his ability to secure goods or lodging, so long as he had the privilege of introducing the elders himself:

For me to travel and preach without purse or scrip, was never hard; I never saw the day, I never was in the place, nor went into a house, when I was alone, or when I would take the lead and do the talking, but what I could get all I wanted. Though I have been with those who would take the lead and be mouth, and been turned out of doors a great many times, and could not get a night's lodging.

But when I was mouth I never was turned out of doors; I could make the acquaintance of the family, and sit and sing to them and chat with them, and they would feel friendly towards me; and when they learned that I was a “Mormon” Elder, it was after I had gained their good feelings.

More on "preaching without purse or scrip" from this discourse to come. 



Footnotes:  

[1]  
"Folklore" is used here not as referring to fables or falsehoods, but in the academic sense of "traditional beliefs, practices, customs, stories, jokes, songs (etc.) of a people, handed down orally or behaviorally from individual to individual" (About.com). These can be based on truth or imagination. For more on Mormon folklore see Mike Wennergren, "Folklore plays role for LDS," Deseret Morning News, October 6, 2007; William A. Wilson, "Mormon Folklore," Encyclopedia of Mormonism. 

[2]  
For example, see D&C 24:18; 84:78, 86; Mark 6:8; Luke 10:4; 22:35-36. This sermon contains several reminiscences from Brigham on preaching without purse or scrip which will be displayed in the next few blog posts. In addition to Journal of Discourses accounts, folklore on preaching without purse or scrip has been transmitted orally, in Church publications, and in missionary journals. For example, President David O. McKay related his father's experience of being called on a mission in 1881, thus having to leave a wife and children behind with little means to live (see "Some Personal Notes," The Improvement Era, October, 1968, 2). Eugene England wrote of the fascinating diary account of Joseph Millett, called in 1852 by Brigham Young to serve in Nova Scotia. The 19-year-old boy traveled without purse or scrip, and recorded miraculous healings, and instances where money was somehow provided to fund his journey (see England, “Without Purse or Scrip: A 19-Year-Old Missionary in 1853,” New Era, Jul 1975, 20).